Which Words in a Title Should Be Capitalized

There is no single set of rules for capitalizing words in a title of a book, article, essay, movie, song, poem,  play, television program, or computer  game. And, unfortunately, even style guides disagree, complicating matters. However, here is a basic guide to the two most common methods, sentence case and title case, and the top differences between some of the main title capitalization styles. For most of us, its a matter of selecting one convention and sticking to it. First, which is which? Sentence Case (Down Style) or Title Case (Up Style) In sentence case, which is the simplest, titles are treated more like sentences: You capitalize the first word of the title and any proper nouns (not the same for subtitles). In title case, on the other hand, which is the most prevalent in book titles and magazine and newspaper headlines, you capitalize the first and last words of the title and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions (if, because, as, that, and so on). In other words, all the important words. But this is where things start getting sticky. There are four main title capitalization styles: Chicago style (from the style manual published by the University of Chicago), APA style (from the American Psychological Association), AP style (from The Associated Press), and the MLA style (from the Modern Language Association). In American mainstream publishing, Chicago and AP are the most widely used and referenced (APA and MLA are more used in scholarly articles). And when it comes to capitalization, its the little words that they disagree on. Little Words According to The Chicago Manual of Style, articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, for, nor), and prepositions, regardless of length, are lowercased unless they are the first or last word of the title. The Associated Press Stylebook is fussier. It calls for: Capitalizing the principal words, including prepositions and conjunctions of three or more lettersCapitalizing an article—the, a, an—or words of fewer than four letters if it is the first or last word in a title Other guides say that prepositions and conjunctions of fewer than five letters should be in lowercase—except at the beginning or end of a title. (For additional guidelines, see the glossary entry for title case.) Whichever preposition rule you adopt, you need to remember that many common prepositions [can also] function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, and when they do, they should be capitalized in a title, says Amy Einsohn in her Copyeditors Handbook. A Capital Answer So, should you use sentence case or title case? If your school, college, or business has a house style  guide, that decision has been made for you. If not, simply  pick one or the other (flip a coin if you have to),  and  then try to be consistent. A note on  hyphenated compound words in a headline: As a general rule, says the latest edition of The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage (that newspapers style manual), capitalize both parts of a hyphenated compound in a headline: Cease-Fire; Able-Bodied; Sit-In; Make-Believe; One-Fifth. When a hyphen is used with a prefix of two or three letters merely to separate doubled vowels or to clarify pronunciation, lowercase after the hyphen: Co-op; Re-entry; Pre-empt. But: Re-Sign; Co-Author. With a prefix of four letters or more, capitalize after the hyphen: Anti-Intellectual; Post-Mortem. In sums of money: $7 Million; $34 Billion. One piece of advice on this subject comes from The Chicago Manual of Style: Break a rule when it doesnt work. And if you want a little help, there are sites online that will check your titles for you.

Driving Laws And Penalties For Teens - 889 Words

Becoming a teenager is all about transitioning from childhood to adulthood. Gaining more privileges give teens freedom and responsibilities. Driving can be a deadly privilege if not taken seriously. With more teens dying behind the wheel, changes need to be made. Driving laws and penalties for teens should be drastically changed to prevent deaths and injuries. It is important to try to stop this issue from the source before teens start to drive by themselves. According to Huffington Post, one in five United States teens never took any form of driver’s education courses before getting their licenses. While going to driver’s education isn’t mandatory in all states, it can still help improve teens driving, says Road Safety Authority. Also, while at driver’s education teens can learn new techniques such as defensive driving from a professional. Making driver’s education mandatory in all states can help teens be safe and skilled drivers. Not only does e very state need to make this mandatory, but driver’s education courses need to be made free. Another way to prevent teen accidents from the very start is more practice time. Surprisingly, â€Å"the greatest lifetime chance of crashing occurs in the first 6 months after licensure,† says Teen Driver Source. From looking at this statistic, teens need more time with having their permit before getting their license. Practicing more with an adult by a teen’s side can help prepare them better for driving with their new license. It needs toShow MoreRelatedPreventing Drunk Driving Essay example999 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol-related driving accidents, although they make up only 14% of the U.S. population. On any given weekend evening, one in 10 drivers on Americas roads has been drinking and according to the latest statistics, in a family of five the prospect of you or someone in your family being involved in an alcohol-related motor vehicle accident in their lifetime, is an astounding 200 percent. Thats a lot of tragic, meaningless deaths that could actually have bee n avoided. Drunk driving is a serious problemRead MoreDistracted Driving Is A Big Problem957 Words   |  4 Pageskilled in car crashes caused by distracted drivers† (n.pag.). Distracted driving started when technology became mobile and handheld. Many people have died and gotten injured from people not paying attention to the road. This problem has been growing as technology advances. Distracted driving is a big problem and there needs to be stronger penalties and laws in place to deter people from distracted driving. Distracted driving has been a problem for a long time. It has grown in the recent years becauseRead MoreTexting and Driving Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"It’s the number one killer of teens† (Clark, 2013). A war is waging on throughout the streets of America. Everyday people risk their lives by driving. The enemy? Texting while driving. It is the act of composing, sending, or reading text messages while behind the wheels of a running vehicle. Driving under this influence is extremely careless and dangerous to others and is likely to cause accidents resulting in injuries or deaths. This problem is on the rise because the only ones with the power toRead MoreEssay about Public Safety vs. Civil Rights1628 Words   |  7 Pagesslightest restrictions on civil rights increases the safety of the general public, enables law enforcement agencies to operate more fluidly, and increases the rate for crushing the opposition. The safety of the general population is far more important than the protection of the rights of one citizen. Many argue the Constitutionality of restricting civil rights in the name of public safety, but the same people lobby for law enforcement agencies to work harder to protect our citizens from domestic terrorismRead MoreThe Problem Of Driving Under The United States1332 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience agony and cruelty due to the fact that there are incautious drunk drivers? How did this become a problem? Driving under the influence became a problem in the U.S. ever since the creation of cars; although, people would not consider it an actual issue until the 1980’s. During around that same time, crime was defined as a personal choice and individual fault. Drunk driving fell under personal choice and individual fault. It is now illegal to drive under the influence in every state but apartRead MoreDistractions while Driving879 Words   |  3 Pagesdistracted with doing som ething while driving. In 2012, 3,328 people were killed in distraction-related crashes (â€Å"Statistics on Texting Cell Phone Use While Driving† n.d.). Distractions while driving that result in these accidents include texting/making a call or becoming intoxicated and having high blood alcohol concentration. Many laws have been brought forth to help regulate the amount of people drinking while driving and using a cell phone while driving. Not only do people put their own livesRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Mock Accident 1593 Words   |  7 PagesJustin Jones Mock accident Comp 1 10-30-2017 Mock Accident Do you know how many teens drink and drive and how many of them die. Lets focus on how many teens that drink underage. Since 1991 there were more teens drinking at that time then there was in 2005 yes there ain t as many teens that drink. 85% of the teens that do drink and drive have had more than one drink they have had up to five drinks. Teens that think they can drive after just having a beer or two are wrong, first of all you shouldnRead More Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later1613 Words   |  7 Pagesshow that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; thats more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents dont know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say oh, my my kid would never do that , and theyre the ones whose kids probably drink more that the average teen. One might ask, how do kids get alcohol? Alcohol is almost as easy to get as a cart on of milk, except a teen has to get someone olderRead MoreDrunk Drivers Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesDriving a vehicle is a huge responsibility, and can be dangerous for anyone who is careless on the road. That danger increases as drivers attempt to drive either intoxicated or drunk. Blood alcohol concentration, also known as BAC, is the amount of alcohol in the blood of one’s system, and is used as a measure of degree of intoxication in an individual (answers.com). In the United States it is illegal per se, to drive with a BAC of .08 for all drivers who are 21 and older (nhtsa.gov). As the bloodRead MorePersonal Statement : Self Defense Course1056 Words   |  5 Pagesreduce the driving-related fatalities, all citizens under the age of twenty-one should be required to pass a Driving Education Course before receiving a driver license, this course benefits teen drivers by teaching traffic laws, providing driving experience and creating a sense of responsibility. Statistics shows that 56% of teenagers rely on their parents to learn how to drive (â€Å"11 facts about Teen Driving†). Sometimes their parents do not know the traffic laws? This is why taking a driving course is

Conflict And Love In Romeo And Juliet - 1495 Words

Romeo and Juliet is conflict and love. Conflict and love are both shown through characterization in all of the characters. In the beginning, we see Juliet s character as a little young child who obeys her family duties. When she meets, Romeo, her character is taken on a rollercoaster of emotions. Juliet s character is the source of conflict and we see this through her developing actions. Romeo creates Juliet into this powerful young women. Romeo is so important to Juliet that she does not want to loose him. Conflict begins to arise when things actually take off. Once they are together on the balcony, is when they both realize that they are meant for each other. That true love is true and that they are destined for the stars. True love is†¦show more content†¦They tell eachother everything. Most importantly, they can trust one another. Juliet turns to the Nurse for every problem she has. She depends on the Nurse to be there for her, especially in times of struggles and her lo ve life. Throughout her love story with Romeo, the Nurse plays a very active role in Juliet’s life. We see the Nurse helping her to sneak away with Romeo but on the other side, we see the Nurse telling Juliet to obey her family orders, which relates back to the conflict between a parent figure and child. â€Å" Nurse. Faith, here it is. Romeo is banish d and all the world to nothing, That he dares ne’er come back to challenge you; Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth Then, since the case so stands as now it doth, I think it best you married with the County. O, he’s a lovely gentleman! Romeo’s a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam, Hath not so green, so quick so fair an eye As Paris hath, Beshrew my very heart, I think you are happy in this second match, For it excels your first: or if it did not, Your first is dead, or ‘twere as good he were As living here and you no use of him. As living here and you no use of him? Jul. Speakest thou from thy heart?† ( Shakespeare 3.5.65) Through the Nurse’s characterization, we see here that she wants Juliet to be protected. Juliet, in this case,Show MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Romeo And Juliet And West Side Story1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe dramatized plays of Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare and West Side story by Arthur Laurents both portray the primary themes of love and conflict. The themes love and conflict can be explained as love is a strong feeling of affection for another, and conflict is unfavourable disagreement upon an issue involving another party or person. This essay will identify how love and conflict is portrayed in Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story with the mutual similarities and differencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1400 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Romeo and Juliet Author: William Shakespeare Genre: Romance and Tragedy. Setting The story is taking place in Verona, Italy, it is a midcentury-1590s background story, and the cultural context was that there is the feuds between the two families; Montagues and Capulets, which were giving attentions to all the people living in Verona. It is really important to know the setting of the story to know the social background of the time that the story was written so that as a reader I can understandRead More Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesConflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play about the love relationship between the young Romeo and Juliet, who belong to 2 ancient family names that hold a grudge against each other, the Montagues and the Capulets. There are also many other conflicts which ultimately stop Romeo and Juliet form being together. The story was written by the famous play writer, William Shakespeare, and originated the poem, the Tragicalle HistoryeRead MoreHow Does Conflict Manifest Itself in Romeo and Juliet?1509 Words   |  6 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a classic romantic tragedy that portrays the conflict of love between young teenagers and rival houses. It was written by William Shakespeare and is considered one of the most popular plays he wrote during his lifetime. However although it one of his most popular plays, it is unknown what year the play is set or what year it was written. Throughout the play we follow the two main characters Romeo and Juliet. Romeo who is a Montague and Juliet who is a Capulet are members of twoRead MoreThroughout the play Romeo and Juliet, one of the main protagonists, Juliet, is forced to deal with600 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the play Romeo and Juliet, one of the main protagonists, Juliet, is forced to deal with a great amount of conflict, whether it is external conflict or internal. Juliet has conflict with many people excluding herself, such as with her father and mothe r, with the Nurse†¦ Equally, she is conflicted on the inside on many occasions. Juliet’s internal conflicts are evident throughout the play, especially when she says â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and knownRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1595 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilial love as harmful and, as a result, 1950’s parenting guides, mother’s associations and medical experts rang with warnings against showing affection toward children, they stated that doing so spread disease and caused mental health issues. Government-issued brochures advised mothers and fathers to â€Å"never kiss a baby† and to not â€Å"rock or play with children†. The director of the American Psychological Association warned â€Å"when you are tempted to pet your child, remember that mother love is a dangerousRead MoreConflict Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesPeace vs. Conflict in Romeo and Juliet Conflict is like winter, and peace is like spring, warm and filled with satisfaction that is rewarded from facing a harsh winter. The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is about two teenagers from feuding families that fall in love, but fate, however, is not on their side and they eventually chose to kill themselves rather than live without each other. In the midst of chaos, the Capulets and Montagues get into fights and arguments, making theRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet609 Words   |  3 PagesTragedy of Romeo and Juliet, is primarily a book about love, but the love people have for each other turns out to create conflict between every one of them. Romeo falls in love with Rosaline at the beginning of the book, but then falls in love with Juliet the moment he lays eyes on her. The major problem is that Juliet is a Capulet and Romeo is a Montague, those two families have been in conflict for generations. Paris is in love with Juliet at the begi nning of the play and Juliet is getting forcedRead MoreRomeo and Juliet- Impulsive Decisions777 Words   |  4 PagesTragedy of Romeo and Juliet A simple decision can prove more fatal than death. In the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, characters have evidently not solved their conflicts very wisely because their decisions are based on their impassivity. One of the main characters in particular, Romeo Montague, seems to rely on his impulsiveness to resolve his conflicts. Throughout the play, Romeo makes very hasty decisions, which result in unnecessary negative consequences. Three conflicts that RomeoRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Romeo And Juliet And West Side Story1025 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Romeo and Juliet and Arthur Laurents West Side Story both have a lot in common as well as major differences that set them apart. Although West Side Story is a direct rendition of Shakespeares original play, many of the themes such as love, and conflict are altered to fit the modern perspective. The idea that blinded love and sheer hatred can lead to rash decisions is very present in both storylin es. Romeo Juliet and West Side Story both portray love and conflict throughout their

Why Is Corruption a Problem - 1401 Words

Why is Corruption a Problem? Corruption is the use of public office for private gain, the use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. (Khandu) Corruption can come in different forms, like bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft and embezzlement. (Paper) Corruption can be a major obstacle in the process of economic, political, social and environmental development and in modernizing a country. (Myint) Corruption can also affect people’s health, income inequality and poverty. This essay will talk about the underlying causes of corruption, its consequences, and why corruption is a problem for countries and its people. Corruption is a major constraint that is hindering the†¦show more content†¦A politician wants to build his new house near the lake, but the lake is circle with the forest. The regulation of cutting down the trees over at the forest is not allowed. But, the politician uses his power and his money to bribe the people that are in charge of the environmental officials so then he can build his house. It’s not only house though, and it’s not only politicians who do this. An owner of an industry might bribe the environmental officials as well to cut down the trees and build his going-to-be-very-polluted industry. (Contributor) The damage that is caused by corruption is huge, but it actually depends on which country we are talking about. An example would be England and Indonesia. The corruption in England is less than in Indonesia (it’s not like I’m saying that there’s no corruption in England). Thus, the damage that cost England is less than Indonesia because there’s more corrupt people in Indonesia and it’s also because Indonesia is a third world country. More damages are made through corruption in third world countries than any other countries, it’s because they aren’t developed yet, more likely they won’t develop because of the corruption. It very well is possible to measure the damages it cost. By looking at the country’s economic, social, environmental and political development and by looking at the country’s people, we could estimate just how many people have to suffer because of the corruption in the country. Many people in theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Corruption Of Police Administration1474 Words   |  6 Pages Corruption in Police Administration Andrew Broyhill University of Central Missouri CJ 2101 November 17, 2015 Dr. Etters â€Æ' Corruption in Police Administration Police corruption is a problem that has and will always impact us all. It has always existed and has changed policing in several dramatic ways. However, one simple element of corruption has always been apparent. It’s never NOT happening. Unfortunately, police corruption is an on going problem that isn’t slowing down. In fact, in the pastRead MorePublic Awareness And Its Effect On Society1206 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequent corruption. Corruption should not allow to run continuously. Though the remedy of corruption is not an easy task, it is a crying need to stop for the greater interest of society. To make countries free from corruption, citizens of all classes should be responsible, accountable, dutiful and considerate. Nepotism, favoritism, etc. should be dealt with up most seriousness. To lead in peace in the society it is essential to stop it. This curse should not be allowed to continue. Anti-corruption commissionRead MoreAdministrative Corruption Is Now A Buzzwo rd For The Current Era Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesAdministrative corruption is now a buzzword for the current era. It differs from country to country as it’s effects are varying on the basis of socio ­economic and political structure and the proportion of a nation’s growth. It makes a public or, private organisation untrustworthy and increase nullification negligence and in society. Corruption has been the problem belonging ever since from the human civilisation.Corruption is not a new phenomenon Bangladesh. It got heavily engaged with the administrativeRead MoreThe Un Global Compact Underlines900 Words   |  4 PagesThe UN Global Compact underlines ‘Corruption is now recognized to be one the world’s greatest challenges’. Similarly, underlining its significance Kofi Annan argues ‘Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately – by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government’s ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice and discouraging foreign investment and aid’ (Adeyeye 2012: 2). In addition to the importance of corruption in the policy agenda, there is emergingRead MoreCause and Effect of Corruption1644 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. Several factors are responsible for this. A consensus has now been reached that corruption is universal. It exists in all countries, both developed and developing, in the public and private sectors, as well as in non-profit and charitable organizations. Allegations and charges of corruption now play a more central role in politics than at any other time. Governments have fallen, careers of world renowned public figures ruinedRead MorePublic Corruption Aimee836 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Essay Analysis Public Corruption Aimee L. Romero Kaplan University CJ340-02:    Applied Criminal Justice Ethics 1102C March 2011 Term Instructor: Lance Oakland Abstract Corruption is clearly everywhere around us with many forms and is a world-wide crisis. A day doesn’t go by that there isn’t a report in the media about some form of corruption by someone famous or internationally known, a Politian or an average every day citizen just perhapsRead MoreAssessing the Settlement of Laws Related to Corruption: Tanzania1583 Words   |  7 Pages RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. INTRODUCTION This paper is critically assess the settlement of the laws related to the corruption. Corruption at this context simply means misuse of public office for private gain. According to Black law dictionary [1] corruption means the act of doing something with an intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others Now are the Tanzanian laws settled to ensure that there is freeRead MoreThe effects of Corruption and Capitalism Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pagescontentment. When an individual thinks of achieving the American Dream, they only see the light at the end of the tunnel and not the struggles that come with it. In the political fiction novel, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair portrays the effects of corruption and capitalism on the world. Sinclair does so by showing how depraved the capitalist government can be and how tremendously this affects the lives of the innocent. Three Lithuanian Immigrants by the names of Jurgis Rudkas, Teta Elzbieta LukoszaiteRead MoreSerpico1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Jermaine Carmichael Criminal Justice 102 Ms. Naide 03/26/14 The reason I chose Serpico is because I thought this book would talk about a cop trying to do the right thing, which was to change the crooked system that allowed corruption. This non-fiction talks about the criminality that takes place in this book. For example Serpico was plainclothesmen which was patrolmen working out of uniform on special assignments like narcotics, prostitution, and gambling, so it was a lot of opportunitiesRead MorePolice Corruption968 Words   |  4 Pageselection law violations; (13) corruption of public officials; (14) copyright violations; (15) computer crimes; (16) environmental crimes; and (17) receiving stolen property This assignment requires us to write a paper on a form of white-collar crime that we feel is the must dangerous form and why. I feel the most dangerous form of white-collar crime is police corruption, which is also defined as public corruption. Public or police corruption is defined as; Public corruption involves a breach of public

Billy Budd Essay Themes of Good and Evil - 1882 Words

Themes of Good and Evil in Billy Budd Many themes relating to the conflict between Good and Evil can be found in Herman Melvilles novella Billy Budd. Perhaps one of the most widely recognized themes in Billy Budd is the corruption of innocence by society (Gilmore 18). Society in Billy Budd is represented by an eighteenth century English man-of-war, the H.M.S. Bellipotent. Billy, who represents innocence, is a young seaman of twenty-one who is endowed with physical strength, beauty, and good nature (Voss 44). A crew member aboard the merchant ship Rights of Man, Billy is impressed by the English navy and is taken aboard the H.M.S. Bellipotent. As he boards the H.M.S. Bellipotent, he calmly utters, Goodbye,†¦show more content†¦He lacks the sophistication and experience to roll with the punches, forcing him to succumb to this hostile society. Unlike the shifting keel of the ship, he cannot lean both ways, one way toward his natural innocence and trustfulness and the other toward the evil and conspiracy in society, causing him to break apart and sink (Gilmore 18). It can also be interpreted that Billy is the true civilizer, for while the war in which the H.M.S. Bellipotent fights is a product of what passes for civilization, Billy is the maker of peace (Gilmore 65). Another theme that critics feel is present in Billy Budd is that of the impersonality and brutality of the modern state. Billy was taken from a safe and protected environment on the Rights of Man and placed in a new, hostile setting, one which he was not prepared for and could not conform to. Once one of the strongest and most respected crew members on the Rights of Man, he was no longer regarded as such on the H.M.S. Bellipotent (Bloom, Critical Views 211). However, his innocence and trustfulness remained with him, causing the crew to regard him as being more of a noble man, rather than the powerful man that he was on the Rights of Man. While most of the crew admired Billy for these qualities, John Claggart, Master-at-Arms for the H.M.S. Bellipotent,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Comparing Billy Budd and the Life of Melville1505 Words   |  7 PagesParallels Between Billy Budd and the Life of Melville   As with many great works of literature, it is important to become familiar with the authors life and time period in which he or she lived. This understanding helps to clarify the significance and meaning of his or her work. In many ways, Billy Budd depicts issues of importance to Herman Melville with both direct and indirect parallels to the time of the Civil War and to particular individuals of Melvilles life. Important to the creationRead More Billy Budd Essay2778 Words   |  12 Pagesstick to one deli mea, moral questioning, or out-look on a book that jumps from such cases like frogs on lily pads? Just as Melville has done, I shall attempt to arrange my perception of Billy Budd, in a similar fashion. That is, through an unorthodox practice (that is; jumping from pt. to point), of writing an essay I shall constantly change and directions and goals of what it is I wish to state. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One may perceive the book’s structure to be loose and quite flexible; oneRead More Comparing Evil in Emerson, Hawthorne, and Melville Essay2723 Words   |  11 Pagesproper sense of evil is surely an attribute of a great writer. (98-99) Although he made the remark in a different context, one would naturally associate Hawthorne and Melville with the comment, while Emersons might be one of the last names to mind. For the modern reader, who is often in the habit of assuming that the most profound and incisive apprehension of reality is a sense of tragedy, Emerson seems to have lost his grip. He has often been charged with a lack of vision of evil and tragedy. YeatsRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesAP ENGLISH LIT AND COMP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another

Love And Marriage In The 18Th Century free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Our purpose in this paper will be to analyse and discourse the different ways in which love and matrimony were dealt with during the 18th century and to what extent these two footings were linked together or considered as opposite. To carry through this affair we are traveling to concentrate our attending on several plants that are representative from this period and that reflect in an accurate manner the societal mores and more specifically, matrimony conventions and romantic love. Throughout this treatment we will be stressing the thought that matrimony is represented in these plants as an establishment wholly detached from love and that it pursues more than anything else economic intents and an lifting in the societal hierarchy. First of all we should account for the state of affairs of English adult females during the 18th century, that despite several societal betterments, continued holding less rights or freedom than work forces within the household and matrimony as an establishment. Patriarchal signifiers were still a deep-seated usage that ruled society, which was male-centered. Marriage was frequently forced on adult females as their lone manner of holding a recognized place in society, but at the same clip led them to slavery. Women? s belongings could be spent to the discretion of the hubby as she was considered, together with all that she owned, a ownership of the hubby. Significantly relevant is the fact that the convention of matrimonies arranged by parents was still widely accepted. Evidences of this facet can be found in Goldsmith? s work She Stoops to Conquer. At the really beginning of the drama Mr.Hardcastle expresses that he has already chosen a hubby for his immature girl: ? Then to be plain with you, Kate, I expect the immature gentleman I have chosen to be your hubby from town this really twenty-four hours. I have his male parent? s missive, in which he informs me his boy is set out, and that he intends to follow himself shortly after. ? ( p. 3 ) Mr. Hardcastle subsequently explains that he would neer command her girl? s pick, but in fact claims that Marlow? ( he ) ? s a adult male of first-class apprehension? ( p.4 ) , this significance that the immature gentleman should be the right option for her. Despite her initial dissension with the thought of this established brush with the immature male child, she eventually accepts the meeting after her male parent? s ecstasy of the immature adult male? s virtuousnesss. She so gleefully declares: ? My beloved dad, say no more ( snoging his manus ) , he? s mine, I? ll have him! ? ( p.4 ) . Subsequently on in the drama, Tony? s false waies lead Marlow and Hastings to the Hardcastle abode, where they believe they can lodge for a nice rate before go oning on to run into Mr. Hardcastle and his beautiful girl at his estate. This? hostel? is really Mr. Hardcastle sign of the zodiac, but the travellers do non recognize this since the sign of the zodiac unusually resembles an hostel. Hasting s is shortly informed of his error when he meets Miss Neville, but the twosome decides to go forth Marlow in ignorance for the clip being so that their programs for matrimony will non be frustrated by his indignation and embarrassment. In a similar manner, in the novel Mary the Wrongs of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft exposes this same inclination of ordered matrimonies, where love is forgotten and merely the possible benefits that both parts can obtain from the brotherhood are taken into history. Hence, the manner in which Darnford asserts? my male parent and female parent were people of manner ; married by their parents? ( p.94 ) should non be taken as a dramatic statement for this affair was considered in the 18th century the usual process to follow. It is besides of import to note that Mary loses her instance because the justice considers that? it was her responsibility to love and obey the adult male chosen by her parents and dealingss, who were qualified by their experience to judge better for her, than she could for herself? ( p.199 ) . Therefore it is non stupefying that the thought of matrimony is frequently understood as a societal usage by and large detached from love. This withdrawal non merely concerns matrimony directed by person superior but besides the economical benefits taken out of it. We can put an illustration in Henry Fielding? s Joseph Andrews, and more exactly in the chapters mentioning to the narrative of the immature lovers Leonora and Horatio. With the visual aspect of Bellarmine, a all right? gentleman who owned a Coach and Six? ( p.135 ) , interrupting into Leonora? s life, she reconsiders her battle with Horatio, who had? non even a Pair? ( p.138 ) . Bing a immature and inexperient miss, Leonora asks her aunt for some piece of advice associating her love matter and this one answers that without any uncertainty she should get married Bellarmine as he possesses all that Horatio deficiencies, that is, all right apparels, good expressions, heroism and above all luck. ? I have lived longer in it than you, and I assure you there is non any thing worth our Regard besides Money: nor did I of all time know one Person who married from other Considerations, who did non afterwards heartily repent it. Besides, if we examine the two Men, can you prefer a sneaking Fellow, who hath been bred at a University, to a all right Gentleman merely come from his Travels? ? . ( p.138 ) . At first Leonora had appeared in the novel as a immature miss frantically in love with Horatio, and she even proclaimed that he was her lover or about her hubby ( p.137 ) . However, she does non doubt in accepting Bellarmine because of his affluent place and the pecuniary benefits she would acquire from the marriage, which would besides connote her lifting in the societal graduated table. Together with this, the idea of get marrieding Bellarmine provokes a certain feeling of pride that will take her to believe that she could go the enviousness of the remainder of society, although in the terminal her hesitation and folly will do her lose both suers: ? How huge is the difference between being the Wife of a hapless Counsellor, and the Wife of one of Bellarmine? s Fortune! If I marry Horatio, I shall prevail over no more than one Rival: but my marrying Bellarmine, I shall be the Envy of all my Acquaintance. What Happiness! ? . ( p.137 ) Marriage depending on pecuniary facets can be easy understood if we bear in head the function of adult females in the 18th century English society. We should see the instances of Leonora, ? Daughter of a Gentleman of Fortune? ( p.130 ) and Kate Hardcastle, who belongs to a high societal position, as exceeding. For both of them matrimony does non stand for the lone agencies of acquiring independency since they both have a certain luck that could enable them either to stay in the same societal position or get married some all right gentleman that could supply them a certain economic stableness. However, even among the wealthy, matrimony was chiefly a concern agreement. In a similar manner we should indicate at lower or in-between category circles. Here money was a? critical factor in acquiring a start in life by purchasing a store or get downing a concern? and it was besides? inevitable that fiscal considerations should go on to play a really big portion in matrimony programs? . In thi s sense we should now mention to Defoe? s Moll Flanders, where the heroine moves within this environment and comes to show: ? [ ] that matrimonies were the effects of politick strategies for organizing involvements, and transporting on concern, and that Love had no portion, or but really small in the matter. ? ( p.83 ) . Moll Flanders is a narrative about the development of a adult female from a low to a mid-class position. Since she was a kid her lone desire was to go a? dame? and her lone means to go up in the societal graduated table was to take advantage of the chances that life offered her, which are all summed up in one word: matrimony. Nevertheless, matrimonies took topographic point among people belonging to the same societal category and this is why Moll Flanders has to feign to be richer than she truly is in order to make her purpose. This can be observed in many different transitions all along Moll? s life, when she? [ ] took attention to do the universe take me as something more than I was? ( p.135 ) . It is clear that Moll? s thoughts on matrimony depend more on pecuniary personal businesss than in love 1s, and that her purpose in life is acquiring a better societal place. After her 2nd hubby dies, she goes to the Mint where she meets a new familiarity, a widow who would assist her to do her husband-to-be believe that she owns a luck of 1500 lbs, otherwise he would non accept her for non belonging to his same position. It is for this same ground that in She Stoops to Conquer, Marlow rejects Kate Hardcastle when he is still misidentifying her for a simple barmaid alternatively of a lady: ? But to be plain with you, the difference of our birth, luck and instruction makes an honorable connexion impossible ; and I can neer harbor a idea of scoring simpleness that trusted in my honor, or conveying ruin upon one whose merely mistake was being excessively lovely. ? ( p.42 ) However, the reader should non be mistaken by generalising matrimony as a term opposed to love. Pure love moved by passion and true feelings did be and non needfully linked to extram arital dealingss. She Stoops to Conquer sets this illustration on the figures of Hastings and Neville. The immature lovers are genuinely in love although they are still conditioned by money in a manner. They have to conceal their love from Mrs. Hardcastle, as she is the owner of Neville? s gems, and to obtain her wealth, Constance must get married whomever Mrs. Hardcastle pleases, unless the adult male refuses. To maintain the money in the household Mrs. Hardcastle wishes for Neville to get married her boy Tony. However, the lovers proclaim several times their love ignoring money. During a conversation that both clasp, Miss Neville states she would instead get married him one time she owns all her gems so that they can procure their hereafter: ? The blink of an eye they ( gems ) are put into my ownership you shall happen me ready to do them and myself yours? . But Hastings exclaims: ? Die the baubles! Your individual is all I desire? ( p.19 ) . Even when the immature lady assures tha t? in the minute of passion, luck may be despised, but it of all time produces a permanent penitence? Hastings insists on allowing their feelings flow: ? Perish luck. Love and disdain will increase what we possess beyond a sovereign? s gross. Let me predominate? ( p.56 ) . Mary narrates a similar narrative in Mary the Wrongs of Woman. Peggy is married to Daniel, a crewman. Money was non involved in their matrimony but pure love and passion. When Daniel dies Peggy is forced to populate on his rewards and subsequently on she has to gain a life by making some difficult physical work. She laments the loss of her hubby non because of the work she has to make now to prolong the household for? it was pleasant to work for her kids? ( p.132 ) but because of her broken bosom without his dear. ? Capital of rhode island to hold let him come back without a leg or an arm, it would hold been the same thing to her # 8211 ; for she did non love him because he maintained them # 8211 ; no ; she had custodies of her own. ? ( p.132 ) . However, it should non be striking that 18th century adult females looked for hubbies as a agency of lifting their societal place and their wealth, as they barely had any other manner of obtaining it, ignoring love. And this is Moll? s declaration: ? [ ] I was resolved now to be married or nil, and to be good married or non at all. ? ( p.77 ) . Working adult females were non accepted by society and the lone occupations that they could acquire were those connoting difficult physical work ( servitude ) or harlotry. Besides, the legal system in this period did non let adult females to inherit anything when the partners died, all the money go throughing from male parent to son/son-in-law. Moll Flanders chose her life as a cocotte and states that it caused her all the wretchedness and devastation she will endure subsequently on in her life: ? Well, allow her life have been the manner it would so, it was certain that my life was really uneasy to me ; for I liv? vitamin D, as I have said, but in the worst kind of prostitution, and as I cou? vitamin D expect no Good of it, so truly no good issue came and all my seeming prosperity wore off and ended in wretchedness and distruction. ? ( p.138 ) . Her pick of traveling to whoredom, nevertheless, was merely because she felt the demand to last. All of Moll? s subsequent sexual dealingss will hold a pecuniary dimension. Moll does non even seek to do a differentiation between sex and money and takes for granted that you must do a fiscal appraisal before traveling to bed with anyone. Sexual activity is hence a dealing or instead an investing. In this sense she adds up whether she has more money or less after each relationship throughout her life. In the first periods of her life she exploits her gender for the intent of net income. Subsequently on, when her beauty vanishes, she has to travel towards offense as her lone agency of life. Therefore we could state that her life moves at the same time between two degrees: the sexual and the fiscal. While Moll makes her pick of life, Mary Wollstonecraft shows in Mary the Wrongs of Woman, the wretchedness of adult females who prostituted themselves because they did non hold any other option. Jemina is a clear illustration who, after holding been raped by her maestro at the age of 16, will be used by work forces for the remainder of her life. She plants as a retainer, becomes a kept woman and so a washwoman to last because she has no other pick. She feels so a slave without any control over her ain organic structure, condemned to stay inactive in this societal place. When speaking about her occupation as a washwoman she affirms: ? [ ] that this was a misery of state of affairs peculiar to my sex. A adult male with half my industry, and, I may state, abilities, could hold procured a nice support. [ ] whilst I, [ ] was cast aside as the filfth of society. Condemned to labor, like a machine, merely to gain staff of life, and barely that [ ] ? ( p.115-116 ) In this paragraph Jemina explains that after being obliged to keep an illicit sexual intercourse she lost her virtuousness and with it all her rights as a adult female in society. This leads us a to the inquiry of adult females? s virtuousness and how to continue it. Virtue was one of the chief qualities a adult female should possess in order to acquire married. This thought of celibacy and feminine pureness was so strong that at the terminal of the century it was normally believed that nice adult females had no sexual desires at all. In this regard, immature, inexperient and chaste characters like Fanny Goodwill ( in Joseph Andrews ) are opposed to others like Mary, who acts upon her ain sexual desires, or Moll, who is depicted as basking her trade at least during a period of her life. Thus, Moll makes no opposition to her suers, non even with her first lover, the immature brother, who cutely persuades her to hold a sexual relation with him: ? For God knows that I made no opposition to him while he merely held me in his weaponries and kissed ; so I was excessively good pleased with it to defy him much? ( p. 46 ) . Therefore the societal and sexual mores between adult females and work forces were non equal when applied to both parts individually. For case, the disparity between male and female celibacy can be clearly observed in Joseph Andrews. Thus, when Joseph, a retainer, appears in the novel supporting his virtuousness and celibacy from the progresss of Lady Booby, the whole scene becomes a lampoon. And the Lady even talks about the non-existence of adult male? s virtuousness: ? Did of all time Mortal hear of a Man? s Virtue! Did of all time the greatest Man make-believe to any of this Kind! Will Magistrates who punish Lewdness, or Parsons, who preach against it, do any scruple of perpetrating it? And a Boy, a Stripling have the Assurance to speak of his Virtue? ? ( p.80 ) The dual criterion that demands celibacy on adult females but non on work forces, together with the subjugation over adult females, who were considered as a mere ownership of their hubbies, induces Mary to declare that when one? is born a adult female? one is? born to endure? ( p.181 ) . This leads us to the decision that matrimony in the 18th century did non travel together with love, furthermore they were considered opposed footings most of the times. ? A adult female would merely be expected to keep ; yes, hardly allow a subsistence, to a adult female rendered abominable to accustomed poisoning: but who would anticipate him, or believe it possible to love her? ? ( Mary the Wrongs of Woman, p. 154 ) . The relevancy of this comment lays in the word picture Mary gives of her matrimony. She describes the deficiency of love that runs through it, at the same clip transforming it into a general declaration that concerns every matrimony in that period. The statement made by the lady who o wns the store where Mary hides from George Vernables is besides noteworthy, as she does non believe that Mary can acquire off from her hubby because? when a adult female was one time married, she must bear everything? ( p. 170 ) . All in all we could reason our essay stating that through all the illustrations we have analyzed, the separation between love and matrimony is clear. In most of the instances adult females found in matrimony the lone possible flight from the patriarchal signifiers embodied in the male parent? s figure. It was besides the lone means to accomplish a higher place in the societal graduated table and a certain economic independency and stableness. However, the being of ordered matrimonies and accordingly the deficiency of love, turned marriage into a prison where adult females were locked. A male-ruled universe transformed adult females into practical slaves that had no rights, and the instances where matrimony was the consequence of a true and passionate love can be counted for as exceeding. Q Wollstonecraft, M. , Mary The Wrongs of Woman ( 1976 ) Oxford World? s Classics. Q Fielding, J. , Joseph Andrews ( 1999 ) Penguin Classics. Q Defoe, D. , Moll Flanders ( 1978 ) Penguin English Library. Q Goldsmith, O. , She Stoops to Conquer ( 1991 ) Dover Thrift Editions. Q Stone, L. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800, ( 1979 ) Pelikan Books. Q Ty, E. Unsex? vitamin D Revolutionaries: Five Women Novelists of the 1790? s. ( 1993 ) University of Toronto Press, Toronto. q Spencer, J. , The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen ( 1987 ) Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

Profit Maximization free essay sample

Explain why a profit maximizing firm produces the output that equates marginal revenues to marginal costs (MR=MC). In a perfectly competitive market, producers are price-takers and consumers are price-takers. There are many producers, none having a large market share and the industry produces a standardized product, also free entry and exit of the industry. They produce using the optimal output rule: produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost as Smith (1904) demonstrated. Figure 1: Types of Market Structure where the behavior of any given firm and the arket it occupies are analyzed using one of four models of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, or monopolistic competition based on two dimensions: products are differentiated or identical and the number of producers in the industry; one, a few, or many. A firm is profitable if total revenue exceeds total cost or,if the market price exceeds its break-even price minimum average total cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Maximization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If market price exceeds the break-even price, the firm is profitable; if not, the firm is unprofitable; if it is equal, the firm breaks even. Fixed costs are irrelevant to the firms ptimal short-run production decision. When the market price is equal to or exceeds the shut-down price, the firm produces at MR = MC. When the market price falls below the shut-down price, the firm ceases production in the short run. Figure 2: Profit maximizing in a Perfect Market or The Price-Taking Firms Profit- Maximizing Quantity of Output. At the profit-maximizing quantity of output, market price = marginal cost, at the point where the marginal cost curve crosses the marginal revenue curve, which is a horizontal line at market price. Here, the profit- aximizing point is at an output of 5 eggs, the output quantity at point E. A monopoly is a sole firm producer of a good that has no close substitutes so it raises its price above the competitive level by reducing output equating market power. Profits persist in the long run because of a barrier to entry by control of natural resources, increasing returns to scale, technological superiority and government-created barriers. An increase in production by a monopolist has two effects on revenue: quantity effect where one more unit is sold, increasing total revenue by the price at hich the unit is sold also a price effect demonstrating that in order to sell the last unit, the monopolist must cut the market price on all units sold decreasing total revenue. Profit-maximizing monopolists choose the output level at which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost not toprice to achieve the greatest revenue possible as Marshall (1909) postulates. Consequently, the monopolist produces less and sells output at a higher price than a perfectly competitive industry, earningprofits in the short and long run. At low levels of output, the quantity effect is tronger than the price effect: as the monopolist sells more, it has to lower the price on only very few units, so the price effect is small. Figure 3: Monopolies: Under perfect competition, the price and quantity are determined by supply and demand. Here, the equilibrium is at C, where the price is moves up the demand curve from C to M, raising the price to PM. As output rises, total revenue falls. Accordingly, at high levels of output, the price effect is stronger than the quantity effect: as the monopolist sells more and has to lower the price on many units of output, making the price effect very large.